E-Primbon Febryan [oLiver]

A. Direct speech

Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact word oe saying exactly what someone has said(sometimes called quoted speech) here what a peson says appears within quotation marks(“….”) and should be word for word.

For example :

She said,”today’s lesson is on presentations.” Or

“Today’s lesson is on presentations,” she said.

B.Indirect speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech),doesn’t use quotation marks to enclpse what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

For example :” I’m going to the cinema”,he said – he said he was going to the cinema.

Tense Change

When reporting speech the tense usually changes. Because when we use reported speech,we are usually talking about a time in the past. Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are : Tell , other command , ask,warn remind

Simple present - Past tenses

Vita said” I eat fried rice” vita said that she ate fried rice

Simple past - Past perfect

Mother said” I went to market yesterday” - mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

Simple future - Past future

Dave said” I will buy an i-pod nexk week’ - Dave said (that) he would buy an i-pod the week after.

Present continuous - Past continuous

Gama said” I’m playing football” - Gama said he was playing football

Past continuous - Past perfect continuous

She said” I was teaching earlier” - she said she had been teaching earlier

-when report what someone said,don’t usually repeat their exact weords,use our words, we can use reporting words such as tell say as follow by”that clause”

example : my mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock.

In time expression and pronouns

Direct speech-----

-now

-today/tonight

-Yesterday

-tomorrow

-last week

-next week

-ago

-this/these

-here

-pronouns

Indirect speech-----

-then

-that day/that night

-the day before/the previous day

-the next/following day

-the previous week

-the following week/the week after

-before

-that/those

-there

Modal verb froms also sometimes change :

Direct speech-----

Will

Can

Must

Shall

May

Indirect speech-----

would

could

had

should

might

Note – there is no change to;could,would,should,might and ought too.

Direct speech

“I might go to the cinema”, he said

Indirect speech

He said he might go to cinema.








-they changes according to the context

Surprises or disbelief is used to express something that we can’t believe or impossible.

Expressing Surprise Responding
Wow! What a surprise1 Yeah!
That’s a surprise! It is.
That’s very surprising! Yup!
Really? Sure.
What? It’s true.
Are yiu serious? You must be joking! I’m serious.
You’re kidding ! No, I’m not.
Fancy that! It is.
I must say it surprises me. Does it ?
I find it hard to believe. It is, isn’t it?

Several expressions of congratulating, complimenting, and thanking:

Congratulation : is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.

Congratulating:
• Congratulations!
• Congratulations on your success!
• Happy birthday!
• Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!
• Merry Christmas!
• Happy New Year!
• Happy Valentine!
• Happy anniversary!
Compliment  is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:
  on his/her general appearance
if you notice something new about the person’s appearance
  when you visit someone’s house for the first time
when other people do their best
Complimenting:
• What a nice dress!
• You look great.
• You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.
• I really must express my admiration for your dance.
• Good grades!
• Excellent!
• Nice work!
• Good job!
Gratitude  is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.
Thanking:
• Thank you very much
• Thank you for your help
• I’m really very grateful to you
• You’re welcome
• Don’t mention it
• It’s a pleasure / My pleasure
• I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
• I am grateful to your help

Greetings is the expression which used to address someone or other people

A.How do you greet other people ?

1        Good morning/ afternoon/evening/night/nite
2        Hello, dhina
_ hello,afgan
3        How are you ?
4        How’s life?
5        How are you getting along
6        Hi,Nurul
_ hi,dhina
7   How’s everting with you?

B. How do you introduce yourself?
1 Let me introduce my self , my name is dhina
2 Hello,I’m Kim Hyun Joong
3 Hi,I’m Afgan Syahreza.You can call me Afgan


C. How do you introduce other people ?
_ I would like to introduce Utari Dina Sari
_ I would like you to meet Debby
_ Excuse me, Let me introduce you a new friend.His name is Alexa

D. How do you close or end your conversation ?
_ Well, I should be going now. See you!
_ Well. I must be off now.I’ll talk to you !

For the example

Dhina          : Morning, Mrs deby
Mrs. Deby : Morning ,dhina .How are you ?
Dhina          : I’m fine. And Mrs ?
Mrs Deby  : Fine too. Well, I must teach again in classroom .See
you dhina
Dhina          : okay .mrs. See you too . Bye-Bye

Present Tense

Habitual actions

Example: __ Yohanes get up at 5 o’clock every morning

__  I always  do my homework after dinner

Repeated actions

Example : __ We visit ourgrandma in Jakarta twite a year
__  I go to school everyday

General truth

Example : __  A week has 7 days

__  Water boils at 100 celcius  degree

Nominal sentence

Example : ( + )   Dhina is beautiful girl
( – )   Dhina is not beautiful  girl
( ? )   is Dhina beautiful girl?

Verbal sentence

Example  :   ( + )   They watch Tv in the living room
( –  )    We do not  eat meat
( ?  )    Do we eat meat ?

Adverb Used :  always ,usually,often,never,seldom,sometimes,normally,etc

Procedure Text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps.It explains how people perform different  processes in a sequence of steps.This text uses simple present tense,often imperative sentence.It also uses the temporal conjunction such as : first,second,then,next,finally,etc

The generic structures of procedure text are:

For the example

‘’ How to make a sandwich ‘’

( aim/ goal)

You need ( materials)

What you should do are ( steps) :

Definition of announcement:

Annoucement is something said ,written,or paintend  to make know what has happened( more often) what will happen.

In writing an announcement ,keep the following points:

For the example:

a                                                        “ Attention Please”

The student organization( osis)

Will hold a weekend camping

Next week all students are

Allwed to join it

Afgan

b

3  A class Excursion

We travel by bus to Situ Gunung

Days: on Friday – on Sunday

Time: at 9.a.m and at 4.p.m

Tent and floor mars will be provided but you will need a sleeping bag.You will also need  a bag to carry your clothes, a water proof coat and pair of boots.Please bring your own plastic plate ,spoon and cup and backpack for emergency equipment.

3 A   camping  coordinator

phatony

Definition of advertisement :

Advertising is a communication whose is to inform potential costumers about to generic increased consumption of those product and service through the creation and reinforcement of brand loyalty.For these purposes advertisement often contain both factual information and persuasive messages.Every major medium is used to deliver these messages,including,television,radio,movies,magazines,newspaper,video games,the internet and billboards.Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company.

In short,advert

Information for persuading and motivation people so that it will attract them to the service and the thing that are offered or informed.

Function of advertisement

a.Promotion

b.Communication

c.Information

In making an advertisement keep the following points :

1.Language of advertisement  :

2.Content of advertisement :

Advertisement How 2 meaning :

Advertisment is refers to all people many advertisment are designed to generate increased consumption of those products and service through the creation and reinforcement of brand image ” N ” barand loyality

For the example:

‘’ Find the correct spelling “

And pronunciation more than 80,000 word with this

Electronic dictionary

Made of strong plastic.

Comes in two colors: Dark Gray and Ligth Blue

$ 104.50.

APPOINTMENT

Definition of appointment:

Appointment tell about agreement for meeting it is good to make an appointment before you meet or people.

1.Making an Appointment

2.Accepting an Appointment

3.Canceling an Appointment

4.Changing an Appointment

For the example of  dialogue about Appointment

Dhina  : Hi,can I talk to Afgan ?

Afgan  : Ya ,it’s me .Who is talking ?

Dhina  : I ‘m Dhina .Sorry to disturb you

Afgan  : No problem.What’s up ?

Dhina  : Well,you like to accompany me to Gary’s House this  afternoon?

Afgan  : Yeah.I can

Dhina  : Okay .I will pick up you at.5.p.m

Afgan  : Ok .I wait You.

INVITATION

Invitation tell about how to invite or ask someone to come along or join a particular program or activity.

How to invite someone

How to accept an Invitation

How to refuse / decline an Invitation

For the example of dialogue about Invitation

Dhina : Hi, don.What are you doing tonight ?

Doni   : I wiil just stay at home

Dhina : Well,whould you like to come my birthday tonight?

Doni   : Oww, you are going to celebrate your birthday, what time?

Dhina : At .06.00.p.m .Don’t be Late

Doni    : All right .Thankz for you invite me

Dhina  : Okay.See you tonight .Good bye

Doni    : Good bye too

Happiness  Expression

Definition of Happiness  Expression :

Happiness  Expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings

What is happiness ?

What  would you say to express you happiness ?

We can happiness expression of  by :

For the example of dialouge about happiness expression:

Nhya  : What do you accept from your birthday ,dhina?

Dhina : Fantastic ,I can a new bag from my father. That’s new bag .

It is    very good

Nhya  : Oh, I ‘m happy too hear it.

Dhina : Thank’z ,Nhya

Nhya  : You are welcome

Gaining Attention

Gaining attention is a way or eexpression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to .

If yu want to gain attention of some people you can use  this:

** Example **

Dodi    : Excuse me,mr !

Dedi    : Yes,what happen ?

Dodi    : Can you speak in Germany ?

Dedi    : Oh, I can’t speak in Germany ,sir.I just can speak an English   .I’m   sorry

Dodi    : Okay .Thank you sir.

Dedi    : You are welcome.

Sympathy Expression

The definition of sympathy Expression  :

Sympathy Expression is an expression or feeling of pity  and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition .By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulness on other people ‘s condition.

How can we give sympathy expression to someone :

We express it directly to him/her orally or we  can use a letter or card by post also by short message service ( sms ), e-mail,television ,radio ,and newspaper if he /she who got the trouble is far from us.

Several expression  of sympathy :

Example of dialogue that expression :

Mr Afgan : You know that ? David has lost contact with his friend

Asraf         :  I’ m awfully sorry about information it.

Giving Intructions

Giving Intruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.

The example expression of giving instructions

1.We use as commanding word in the from of infinite

Without to : _ strand up

_  clean the room

2.We use be + adjective ,or noun or adverb

_ be careful

_ be on time

3.We use the word don’t + verb infinite without

To  : _ don’t move !

_  don’t do it !

4. We use word please at beginning or at the end of an instruction to make it sounds more polite,for

Example :  _ love me please

_ keep silent,please

Note : the tense used in giving instruction is ‘’ simple present ‘’

Recount Text

The definition of Recount Text :

Recount text is a text that is used to retell event for the purpose of informing  or entertaining.

The generic structures of Recount text are :

The significant lexicogrammatical features :

For the example of Recount text :

“ A visit  to a sheep property “

Last holiday.I visited a sheep property .I helped in the shearing sheds an the yards .On the first day the Merino  wethers were crutched.I helped by sweeping up after the rouseabout picked up the wool pieces shearers start early ( at 7.30 a.m )

After lunch,we started shearing the lambs .There were more than 400 so we didn’t finish until the next day.Once again I was sweeping  and picking up dags.I was tired by the end of the day in the shed but our work wasn’t finished.We all had to help to get the wethers and lambs back into the paddocks.

As well ,we had to get a mob of ewes and their lambs into the yard for shearing the next day.Then it was time for tea ( that’s what my nanna calls dinner ).This was a very long day but I enjoyed it a lot.

Narrative text

Narrative text is a text that is used for the purpose of entertaining or amusing, creating ,stimulating emotions,motivating,guiding and teaching the readrs or the listeners and it usually deals with actual or vicious experience .

Narrative text such as : fable ( Mouse Deer and Crocodile ),legend/folk tables ( Sangkuriang ,Malin Kundang ),Fairy Tale ( Cinderella,Snow White ,Pinochio )

The generic of Narrative text :

Some important point in the story of narrative text are :

Past tense is to tell the events or incidents at the past time.

Past tense is used :

Example : If I had the money now,I’d buy a car.

Example : I called Mary last night.

Example : We went to school together,and we shared many experinces.

The  Simple Past Tense

Simple Past Tense is kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in the past.

Adverbs used: yesterday,last night ,last week,two days ago,a few minutes ago,last weekend ,last month ,last years,in 1984,etc

Example : She worked at the office yesterday.

Example : She did not work at the office yesterday.

Question sentence are started with did as in Did  she work at the office yesterday ?

Verbal

There are two pattern of Simple Past Tense :

1.( + ) Subject + verb II + complement

( -  ) Subject + did not + verb I + complement

( ?  ) Did + subject + verb I ?

Nominal

2. ( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Object

( – ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Not + Object

( ? ) To be ( was/ were ) + Subject + Object ?

Past Continuonus Tense

Past Continuonus Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain in the past.

As with the present tense,the continuous aspect that the activity is in progress ,or that it is uncompleted ,at  the specified time.

The Pattern :

( +  ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + verb – ing + complement

(  -  ) Subject + was not / were not + verb- ing + complement

( ?   ) Was/were + subject + verb-ing + complement ?

Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.

The Pattern :

( + ) Subject + had + verb III + complement

( – ) Subject + had not + verb III + complement

( ? ) Had + subject + verb III + complement ?

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Continuous Tense is like the past perfect tense ,but it  expresses longer actions in the past.

The Pattern :

( + ) Subject + Had + been + verb –ing + complement

( -  ) Subject + Had + not + been + verb-ing + complement

(  ? ) Had + subject + been + verb –ing + complement ?

Past perfect tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an Action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed of finished certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to Express an Action or an event that had happened before that other event or actionhappened.

Formula of Verbal Sentence:

(+)  SUBJECT + HAD + V3

(- ) SUBJECT + HAD + NOT + V3

(? ) HAD + SUBJECT + V3?

Example:

+ She had put my book on the table last nigth.

- She had not put my book on the table last night.

? Had she put my book on the table last night?

Formula of Nominal Sentence

(+ )SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN+ NON VERB

(- )SUBJECT + HAD +NOT + BEEN+ NON VERB

(?) HAD + SUBJECT + BEEN+ NON VERB?

Example:

+ I had been there when the accident hapenned.

- I had not been Three when the accident hapenned.

? Had had been there when the accident hapenned?

**note**

I had = I’d

You had = You’d

We had = We’d

They had = they’d

He had = he’d

She had = She’d

It had = It’d